Public law concerns the relationships within and those between governments and individuals. the Roman codes were almost entirely to the private area, public law usually not codified. In civil-law countries, administrative courts adjudicate claims and disputes the various branches of government and , and many lawyers specialize in public . In France, Germany, and Italy, still courts handle constitutional issues.
Public law not quite so clearly demarcated in Britain and the U.S. Under the approach the same courts handle public private litigation. Because Great Britain has written constitution, basic principles pertaining to powers and limits and to fundamental rights are found in acts of , judicial opinions, and tradition. The U.S., the other hand, has a distinct of constitutional law.